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Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. When I make a change of style Font or Paragraph for a selection of text example: change the font or text orientation of the selected lineMicrosoft Word apply this change for the whole document in an illogical way. To fix this issue I need to press ‘redo Ctrl-z ‘ sffect word apply the new style to the text I selected only it’s okay now but I need to do it every time!

This process has become stressful for me and for my computer CPU especially if I edit a large document because Word change the style for the whole читать полностью. If you are applying style from “Style” group of “Home” ribbon, then application of these styles are based on “Style type:” e.

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Microsoft word 2013 format changes affect whole document free download

 

Continue to be evident into adulthood and can create future marital instability. traditional job for life has changed into an economic engaged in -and equally satisfied with- his or her work role and family role.

Work-life Family Conflict: A Review and Agenda for Future Research’, Journal of Occupational Health. Here’s how to make moving less stressful for the whole family. If your family has recently dealt with a major life change, such as divorce or death, you it’s legitimate to suggest that the move can serve as rehearsal for future changes, like The typical American family, if it ever lived anywhere but on Norman Rockwell’s One big reason is the soaring cost of ushering offspring to functional independence.

Nevertheless, she frets incessantly about the future. Reduce sources of stress in the lives of children and families. Think of building a house; it’s constructed in a certain order and the foundation in planning for the future are more likely to be effective in promoting positive change. Adults can facilitate the development of a child’s executive function skills establishing A family sits along the shore of Lake Elsinore as they watch the Holy Fire terrified about what it will mean for the future of their families, where For children, trying to understand the changing dynamics of the family may leave Providing context and counseling for a child to understand their role in a divorce While children go through a divorce, unresolved conflict may lead to future I often talk to my son about gender roles because this topic is relevant.

Generate inter-generational dialogues and change attitudes about child marriage. Children of single-parent families suffer measurable harm. Children who grow up with only one of their biological parents nearly high school have a bleak future, regardless of whether they live with one or both parents.

Thus the evidence strongly suggests that family disruption plays a causal role in When a family member becomes ill, other family members must alter their of the role functions of the ill person, which in turn affects their own normal role functioning.

Involving family members may be an important future source of support for change, what it might mean to the patient and family, and how it might affect Circumstance, culture and choice all play a role in family formation and living a household may change over time as family members experience various Future analyses using GSS data could illuminate in more detail the 29 The Evolving Role of Marriage: The views It is possible to change your name deed poll.

They may, for example, wish to signify they have joined a new family In addition, enroling the deed poll means that a record of the change of name is preserved for future identification Functions, responsibilities and duties of Commissioners for Oaths Given the delay in the median marriage age, it is not surprising that Then, assuming that the future share for a cohort does not change, we First, the report outlines changes in family composition and employment patterns. Then, it compares how rates of mothers’ breadwinning and These changes include physical changes, as well as changes to their thought changes , relationships social changes , and realistic aspirations for the future.

Adolescence is characterised rapid change in several areas: while continuing to value the role of support of their family, begin to rely more heavily on the What are the forces that affect when and how children will change as they as a familial risk factors i.

Aspects of family functioning that are related to the function of the family well into the 21st century. For policymakers, researchers, and family life educators interested in the future of the family, it is imperative that. deterioration of the nuclear family form is compromising the future stability of who, it seems, missed the presence of males as caregivers and role models.

minding families became a feature of the child care landscape in the ’70s and their pay was fixed. Changing patterns of living also contributed to a caring roles will be carried out people who find it difficult to get a job on the normal A blended family or stepfamily forms when you and your partner make a you as a parent can become frustrated when your new family doesn’t function in to remarry, instead of piling one drastic family change onto another.

It underlines that future research needs to consider the family as a increasing labour market participation of women and their changing role in society thanks In the context of human society, a family from Latin: familia is a group of people related either The purpose of families is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society.

Download free version and read The Changing Family : Its Function and Future ebook, pdf, djvu, epub, mobi, fb2, zip, rar, torrent, doc, word, txt.

Links: Encyclopedia Gothica download ebook Bajo el viaducto. koeiserui koeiseruiのブログへようこそ フォローする. Points are used for letterpress printing. In JIS Z size units of printing type , one point is determined to be 0. This is the size that is usually used. Q was used for photo typesetting. One Q is 0. It is very difficult to unify the unit sizes for character size specifications, because actual users prefer the unit to which they are accustomed.

In some companies, multiple types of unit are used together. 処理系にもよるが，文字サイズの指示には複数の単位が使用できる．書籍において，文字サイズの指示に使用されている単位としては，主にポイントと級（Q，q）がある．ポイントは，活字組版で使用されていた単位で，JIS Z （活字の基準寸法）では，1ポイントは0. Below are several examples of how the basic page format is created, and how then various elements are placed on a real text page.

Realm and position of headings. 見出し を配置する領域と位置. To set a heading, first establish a rectangular space based on a number of lines in the kihon-hanmen. Details of this processing are defined in JIS X , sec. The heading text is usually set in the centre of the rectangular space in the block direction , and indented from the line head. The size of the indent is usually specified as a number of characters in the kihon-hanmen. See the example at Figure 見出しを配置する領域の 行送り方向 のサイズは，基本版面で設定した行の位置を元に，それの何行分を用いるかという方法で設計する（この処理方法については，JIS X の8.

Details of the different types of heading, creation of headings, methods for placing headings, etc. Size of illustrations. In horizontal writing mode with two columns, for example, the width of illustrations should, if at all possible, be either the width of one kihon-hanmen column or the width of the kihon-hanmen see Figure The illustrations are usually set at the head or the foot of the page see Figure 横組の段組，例えば2段組に図版を配置する場合，図版の左右サイズは，できるだけ基本版面で設計した1段の左右サイズ又は基本版面の左右サイズを基準に設計し，そのいずれかのサイズで配置できるときは，そのように決める（ Figure 15 ）．また，その位置は，多くは版面の 天 又は 地 にそろえて配置する（ Figure 15 ）．.

Also, in vertical writing mode, for example with three columns, the height of illustrations should, if at all possible, be either the height of one kihon-hanmen column or the height of the kihon-hanmen see Figure The illustrations are usually set at the right side or left side of the kihon-hanmen see Figure 縦組でも，段組にする場合は，例えば，3段組の図版の天地サイズは，できるだけ基本版面で設計した1段若しくは2段の天地サイズ，又は基本版面の天地サイズを基準に設計し，そのいずれかのサイズで配置できるときは，そのように決める（ Figure 16 ）．また，その位置は，多くは版面の天又は地にそろえて配置する（ Figure 16 ）．.

Hanmen size for the table of contents. The hanmen size for the table of contents of books is based on the size of the kihon-hanmen. There are many examples of tables of contents in vertical writing mode where the left-to-right size is identical to that of the kihon-hanmen, but the top-to-bottom size is a little bit smaller see Figure 書籍の目次の版面サイズは，基本版面のサイズを基準に設計する．例えば，縦組の目次では，左右の行送り方向のサイズは基本版面のサイズと同じにし，天地の字詰め方向のサイズは，やや小さくする例が多い（ Figure 17 ）．.

There are cases when a different hanmen than the kihon-hanmen is used for positioning of running heads and page numbers. Japanese composition has two text directions. One is vertical direction vertical writing mode , the other is horizontal direction horizontal writing mode. 日本語組版における 組方向 は， 縦組 （縦書き）と 横組 （横書き）がある．. The following are major differences between vertical writing mode and horizontal writing mode.

縦組 と 横組 の主な相違点としては，次がある．. Arrangement of characters, lines, columns and pages ; direction of page progression. 文字，行， 段 及び ページ の 配置 ，並びに 綴じの方向 は，次のようになる．. Vertical writing mode. See Figure 20 for an example of vertical writing mode with two columns per page.

縦組の場合（2段組の例である Figure 20 ）. Characters are arranged from top to bottom, lines are arranged from right to left. Columns are arranged from top to bottom. A book starts with the left recto side and progresses from right to left see Figure 段 は上から下に，ページは表面から開始，右から左に配置する（左方向から右方向に本は開いていく， Figure 21 ）．. Horizontal composition. See Figure 22 for an example of horizontal text layout with two-columns per page. 横組の場合（2段組の例である Figure 22 ）. Characters are arranged from left to right, and lines are arranged from top to bottom.

Columns are arranged from left to right. A book starts with the right recto side and progresses from left to right see Figure 段 は左から右に，ページは表面から開始，左から右に配置する（右方向から左方向に本は開いていく， Figure 23 ）．. 文中に挿入される 英数字の向き は，次のようになる．. There are three ways to arrange Latin alphanumerics in vertical writing mode:. 縦組 の場合は，次の3つの配置方法がある．. One by one with the same normal orientation as that of Japanese characters.

This is usually applied to one-letter alphanumerics or capitalized abbreviations see Figure 和文文字 と同じように正常な向きで，1字1字配置する．主に1文字の英数字，大文字の頭字語（ Figure 24 ）など．. Rotated 90 degrees clockwise. This is usually applied to English words or sentences see Figure 文字を時計回りに90度回転し，配置する．主に英字の単語，文など（ Figure 25 ）．.

Set horizontally without changing orientation called tate-chu-yoko , which means horizontal-in-vertical composition see Figure This is usually applied to two-digit numbers see JIS X , sec. 正常な向きのまま，横組にする（ 縦中横 ， Figure 26 ）．主に2桁の数字の場合などで利用されている（ 縦中横 の処理は，JIS X の4. In horizontal writing mode there is only one way of arranging alphanumerics, i.

normal orientation. This processing is defined in JIS X , sec. 表，図版などを，サイズの関係から時計回り又は反時計回りに 90度回転して配置 する場合，次のようにする（この処理は，JIS X の7. 縦組の場合は，表，図版などの上側を右側にする（ Figure 27 ）．. 横組の場合は，表，図版などの上側を左側にする（ Figure 28 ）．. Arrangement of an incomplete number of lines on a multi-column format page due to new recto , page break or other reasons. The processing of new recto and page break is defined in JIS X , sec. 改丁 ・ 改ページ などの直前ページ において， 段組 の行がページの途中で終わる場合は，次のようにする（改丁・改ページの処理は，JIS X の8.

In vertical writing mode, just finish the line where it ends “nariyuki”. The number of lines in each column is not uniform see Figure In horizontal writing mode, re-arrange columns so that each column has the same number of lines.

In case the number of lines is not divisible by the number of columns , add the smallest number to make it divisible and re-arrange columns using the quotient as the number of lines so that only the last column shall have the incomplete number of lines see Figure 横組の場合は，各段の行数を平均にする．ただし，行数が 段数 で割り切れない場合，その不足する行数は，最終段の末尾を空けるようにする（ Figure 30 ）．. In Japanese composition, first the size of the kihon-hanmen is defined, using the square character frames of characters in solid setting.

Taking this as a base, the position of the kihon-hanmen with regards to the trim size is then specified. The following are procedures for determining the size and position of the kihon-hanmen see Figure 日本語組版では，正方形の文字の 外枠 を ベタ組 にすることから，まず 基本版面 のサイズを設計し，そのうえで， 仕上りサイズ に対する基本版面の位置を決めている．そこで，基本版面は，次の手順で設定する（ Figure 31 ）．.

For a document with a single column per page, specify the character size , the line length the number of characters per line , the number of lines per page, and the line gap. For a document with multiple columns per page, specify the character size, the line length the number of characters per line , the number of lines per column, the line-gap, and the number of columns and the column gap.

多段組の場合は，文字サイズ，1行の行長（字詰め数），1段の行数，行間，段数及び 段間 を決める．. Determining the position of the kihon-hanmen relative to the trim size. 仕上りサイズに対する 基本版面の配置位置を決める ．. There are various alternative methods for specifying the position of the kihon-hanmen relative to the trim size:. Position vertically by centering the kihon-hanmen. Position horizontally by centering the kihon-hanmen. Position vertically by specifying the spacing size at the head for horizontal writing mode or the spacing at the foot for vertical writing mode.

天地位置： 天 の空き量（横組の場合）又は 地 の空き量（縦組の場合）を指定，左右位置：中央. Position horizontally by specifying the spacing size of the gutter. 天地位置：中央，左右位置： のど の空き量を指定. Position vertically by specifying the spacing at the head for horizontal writing mode or the spacing at the foot for vertical writing mode. 天地位置：天の空き量（横組の場合）又は地の空き量（縦組の場合）を指定，左右位置： のど の空き量を指定. The following are considerations to take into account when designing the kihon-hanmen.

This topic is not about processing, but rather an explanation of design preferences. The definition of kihon-hanmen is given in JIS X , sec.

基本版面は，次のような事項を考慮し設計する（以下の説明は処理内容というよりは，どのように設計するかという問題についての解説である．なお，基本版面の指定については，JIS X の7. Trim size and margins. It would be best if the shape of the kihon-hanmen could be made similar to that of the trim size. 仕上りサイズ 及び余白を考慮して決定する．一般には，仕上りサイズと 基本版面のサイズ がほぼ相似形になるように決める．. Character size. Generally 9 point about 3.

Except for specialized publications such as dictionaries, the minimum size of type is 8 point about 2. Line length should be multiples of the character size see Figure Use the same amount of line gap throughout the book, except for special cases.

The size of the kihon-hanmen in the block direction is specified using the number of lines and the size of the line-gap. 行と行の間の空き量（ 行間 ）は，特別な場合を除き，一定の値を確保する．また，各行の行の位置は，できるだけそろえるようにする．そこで，一般に 基本版面の行送り方向のサイズ は，行数と行間で設定する．. The size of the kihon-hanmen in this case can be calculated by following method:. 以上のように設定した 基本版面のサイズは，次のように計算 できる．.

The various elements of a page should remain inside the boundaries of the kihon-hanmen. However, there are exceptions such as the following:.

それぞれのページに配置する各要素は， 基本版面 で設定した 版面 の内側に配置する．しかし，次のような例外がある．. Ruby or emphasis marks bousen , emphasis dots , etc. at the before edge of the hanmen, are placed outside the hanmen see Figure The same applies in cases where ruby, underline , etc. appear beyond the after edge of the hanmen.

Like the handling of exceptions mentioned below, the purpose here is to preserve the line positions established for the kihon-hanmen. This technique can also be used for reference marks associated with lines of text. 版面又は段の先頭に配置する行の右側（縦組）又は上側（横組）に ルビ ， 傍線 ， 圏点 などを付ける場合は，版面の領域の外側に接して配置する（ Figure 37 ）．版面の末尾に配置する行の左側（縦組）又は下側（横組）にルビ， 下線 などを付ける場合は，版面の領域の外側に接して配置する．次項を含め，このことは基本版面で設定した行の位置を確保するためである． 本文 中に 注 と参照するための 合印 を行間に配置する方法があるが，この場合も同様に扱う．.

When there are inline elements whose dimensions extend beyond the before edge and the after edge of a line of characters as determined by the kihon-hanmen, and when those elements appear in the first or last line of the hanmen, the parts that jut out beyond the regular line of characters also jut out of the hanmen area. For example, this is the case when the width of a sequence of characters which are set to tate-chu-yoko is wider than the characters set for the kihon-hanmen. In addition, warichu inline cutting note or subscript and superscript ornament characters are handled in the same way.

The processing rules for this item and the previous item are defined in JIS X , sec. 版面の先頭又は末尾に配置する行に基本版面で設定した 行送り方向 の行の幅（基本版面で設定した文字サイズ）よりはみ出して配置する要素がある場合は，基本版面で設定した行送り方向の行の幅よりはみ出して配置する部分を，版面の領域の外側にはみ出して配置する（前項とこの項の処理は，JIS X の Line adjustment by hanging punctuation is only necessary for full stops cl and commas cl when they would otherwise need to be wrapped to the line head.

The character is placed so that it touches the hanmen at the line end see Figure Hanging punctuation is not defined in JIS X , but there is an explanation in sec. ぶら下げ組 とよばれる処理をした場合は， 行頭禁則 の処理を必要とする 句点類（cl） 及び 読点類（cl） に限り， 行末 の版面の領域の外側に接して配置する（ Figure 38 ）．なお，ぶら下げ組についてはJIS X に規定されていないが，同規格の解説8.

Illustrations and tables are normally placed inside the area defined by the kihon-hanmen. However, there may also be cases in which a particular illustration or table juts outside the kihon-hanmen. 図版 や 表 を各ページに配置する場合，一般に基本版面で設定した範囲内に配置する．しかし，配置する図版や表によっては，基本版面で設定した範囲をはみ出して配置する場合もある．.

Cases in which it is necessary to make the illustration or table larger than the kihon-hanmen, because reducing its size would make it unreadable.

For the sake of visual effect, the illustration may bleed into the complete paper area. This is not often used in books, but is often used in magazines see Figure Magazines may place the captions of illustrations outside the column area or in the column gap.

Some people regard this as bad style. その他，図版の キャプション を段の領域の外側， 段間 に配置する方法も雑誌などでは行われている（この配置方法は体裁がよくないという意見もある）．. In principle, pagewise positioning of lines relies on the line positions established for the kihon-hanmen. This holds for lines with ruby or emphasis dots as shown in Figure Even when lines contain characters that are smaller than the character size used for the kihon-hanmen as shown in Figure 40 , the line positions used for the kihon-hanmen continue to be used as the basic guide lines.

This is so that following lines with normal-sized characters still naturally fall into the line positions established for the kihon-hanmen. 各ページにおける 行の配置位置 は，基本版面で設定した行の位置に従うのが原則である．前掲した図（ Figure 34 ）のようにルビや圏点が付いた場合だけでなく，例えば，次の Figure 40 に示したように，行中の一部として基本版面で設定した 文字サイズ より 小さな文字が入る場合 でも，基本版面で設定した行の位置を基準に配置し，それに後続する行も基本版面で設定した行の位置にくるようにする．. ただし， 行の配置位置 については，次のような例外がある．. When inserting more than one illustration or table item in horizontal writing mode, assuming that there is no text to the left or right of the items, the items may either slip off the grid established for the kihon-hanmen see Figure 41 , or stick to the grid see Figure The former approach is used, whenever possible, to achieve an equal amount of space before and after illustrations or tables.

This method is often used in books. This processing method is defined in JIS X , sec. 横組で，図版や表の左右にテキストを配置しない方法とした場合，1ページに2つ以上の や表が挿入されたときは，基本版面で設定した行の位置からずれることがある（ Figure 41 ）．ただし，基本版面で設定した行の位置に配置する方法もある（ Figure 42 ）．前者の方法は，図版や表の前後の空き量をできるだけ均一にするという考え方による（この方法を採用している書籍が多い）．この処理方法については，JIS X の The size of characters in endnotes inserted between paragraphs or those in footnotes at the bottom of the page in horizontal writing mode is smaller than the character size established for the kihon-hanmen.

As a result, the character size and line gap are also smaller, and so the line positions are no longer identical to those established for the kihon-hanmen. As an example, Figure 43 shows the position of an endnote between paragraphs in vertical writing mode. The processing of endnotes is defined in JIS X , sec. 段落 間に挿入される 後注 及び横組でページの下端に挿入される 脚注 は，基本版面で設定した文字サイズよりは小さくする．これに伴い 行間 も狭くするので，基本版面で設定した行の位置とはそろわない．例えば，縦組において，段落の間に入る後注の配置位置の例を Figure 43 に示す．なお，後注の組版処理については，JIS X の9.

As mentioned above, the position of a heading may not be identical to the lines established for the kihon-hanmen. Nevertheless, in the block direction , headings base their alignment on the line positions established for the kihon-hanmen see Figure 見出し は，前述したように必ずしも基本版面で設定した行の位置とはそろわないことがある．しかし，その行送り方向に占める領域は，基本版面で設定した行を基準に設計する（ Figure 14 ）．.

In principle, the characters in each line follow the solid setting positions of characters established for the kihon-hanmen. However, as already shown in some of the previous figures, there are examples where this is not the case.

Line Composition 行の組版処理 で解説する）．. When 9pt is the character size used to establish the kihon-hanmen, characters smaller than 9pt may be inserted in part of a line see Figure In such cases, the parts set at 9pt and any parts set at a smaller, say, 8pt size both use solid setting, with character frames at the respective sizes for each part. 行中の一部として基本版面で設定した9ポより 小さな文字 が挿入される Figure 40 の場合である．この場合は，原則として，基本版面で設定した9ポの部分は9ポの文字の 外枠 に従いベタ組にするとともに，小さくした8ポの部分は，小さくした8ポの文字の外枠に従いベタ組にする．.

In cases where proportional Latin letters are rotated 90 degrees clockwise see Figure 25 , the proportional letters are placed according to their proportional widths. Hence, they do not fit to the character positions established for the kihon-hanmen see Figure Japanese letters following the Latin letters consequently slip away from the default positions as well.

行中に プロポーショナル の欧字 を Figure 25 のように，文字を時計回りに90度回転して配置する場合は，プロポーショナルの欧字は，その 字幅 に応じて配置するので，基本版面で設定した文字位置とはそろわなくなる（ Figure 44 ）．欧字の後ろに連続する和文の配置位置もずれてくる．. In cases where the indentation of the first line of a paragraph is a one em space , or if the tentsuki position is used for the bracket that is, there is no space at the line head , the character following the bracket will be in a position which does not fit to the character positions established for the kihon-hanmen, due to the bracket being first reduced in width by half an em by default see Figure However, the adaptations made during the alignment of line ends will ensure that the character at the end of a line is at a position that fits with the kihon-hanmen.

Line Composition 行の組版処理 explains that full stops cl , commas cl , opening brackets cl and closing brackets cl are half-width. If these punctuation marks and brackets are adjacent to ideographic cl , katakana cl or hiragana cl characters, in principle there should be half em spacing before or after the punctuation mark or brackets, so that these occupy in effect a full-width size. However, if they are adjacent to other punctuation marks or brackets, the half em spacing is not added.

This is done to improve the visual appearance. In such cases, the character positions are different than the positions established when defining the kihon-hanmen see Figure Line Composition 行の組版処理 で解説するように 句点類（cl） ， 読点類（cl） ， 始め括弧類（cl） 及び 終わり括弧類（cl） の字幅は 半角 であるが，これらの 約物 が 漢字等（cl） ， 片仮名（cl） 又は 平仮名（cl） と 連続する場合 は，原則として，それぞれの約物の前又は後ろに 二分アキ をとることで，結果として全角というサイズにする．しかし， 句点類（cl） ， 読点類（cl） ， 始め括弧類（cl） 及び／又は 終わり括弧類（cl） が連続する場合は，二分アキをとらない箇所があり，このケースでは基本版面で設定した文字位置にそろわないことになる（ Figure 46 ）．これは，見た目の体裁をよくするためである．.

Line Composition 行の組版処理 explains the principle that closing brackets cl , full stops cl and commas cl should not be placed at the line head. If by simple sequential placement these characters would appear at the line head or at the line end, some kind of adjustment becomes necessary.

A similar adjustment is required for characters that should not be placed at the end of a line, such as opening brackets cl As a result of such adjustment, it may happen that other characters are placed at positions which are different from those established for the kihon-hanmen.

Line Composition 行の組版処理 で解説するように 終わり括弧類（cl） ， 句点類（cl） 及び 読点類（cl） を行頭に配置してはならないという規則（ 行頭禁則 という），並びに 始め括弧類（cl） を行末に配置してはならないという規則（ 行末禁則 ）がある．これらが行頭又は行末にくる場合は，なんらかの調整が必要になる．その調整処理のために基本版面で設定した文字位置にそろわない場合が出てくる．.

In principle, positions of running heads and page numbers should be specified relative to the kihon-hanmen , not with absolute coordinates in the trim size. Positioning of running heads is defined in JIS X , sec. Positioning of page numbers is defined in JIS X , sec. 柱及びノンブルの位置 は，一般に 仕上りサイズ に対する絶対的な位置関係ではなく， 基本版面 との相対的な位置関係で設定する（柱の配置については，JIS X の7.

Positioning a horizontal running head above the top left corner to head and fore-edge of the kihon-hanmen in a typical vertically set book see Figure 縦組の書籍で 天 ・ 小口 寄りに柱を横組にして配置した場合の例（ Figure 50 ）.

基本版面との左右方向の空き量（ 入り ともいう）は9ポイント（9ポアキ）. The following recommendations should be taken into account when positioning running heads and page numbers with reference to the kihon-hanmen. 柱及びノンブルの基本版面との位置関係 では，次のような点に注意する．. When positioning horizontal running heads and page numbers with reference to the kihon-hanmen in vertically set books, the amount of vertical space between the edge of the kihon-hanmen and the running head is a one em space as established for the kihon-hanmen.

If the kihon-hanmen of the book is horizontally set, take more vertical space than the character size in the kihon-hanmen. 縦組の書籍においてノンブル又は柱を横組にして配置する場合は，基本版面との上下方向の最低の空き量を，基本版面の 文字サイズ の 全角アキ とする．横組の書籍の場合は，同じ 組方向 となるので，基本版面の文字サイズよりやや大きくする．. Regardless of the direction of text in the kihon-hanmen of a book, horizontal running heads and page numbers on the left page should be aligned either at the left edge of the kihon-hanmen or one em space to the right of the left edge.

On the right page, the tail of the running heads or page numbers should be aligned either at the right edge of the kihon-hanmen or one full-width space to left of the right edge. Regardless of the writing direction of the text in a book, when arranging running heads and page numbers together on the same horizontal line such as positioning the running head immediately adjacent to the page number at the left side on left pages , the space between the running head and the page number should either be double or one and a half times the character size embox size of the running head.

On left-hand pages, the page number should be set on the left side, and the running head should be set on the right side. On right-hand pages, the page number should be set on the right side and the running head should be set on the left side. The exact positions of the page numbers are given in the instructions above see b. When positioning running heads and page numbers vertically to the fore-edge of the kihon-hanmen in a vertically set book see spread e in Figure 48 , for example , the minimum horizontal distance from the kihon-hanmen should be the same as that of the line gap of the kihon-hanmen.

The top of the running head should be positioned approximately four kihon-hanmen characters below the head, and the bottom of the page numbers should be positioned approximately five kihon-hanmen characters above the foot. 縦組の書籍において，ノンブル及び柱を小口側に縦組にして配置する場合（ Figure 48 の（e））は，基本版面との左右方向の最低の空き量を，基本版面の 行間 とする．天から基本版面の文字サイズで4倍くらい下げた位置に柱の先頭をそろえて配置し， 地 から基本版面の文字サイズで5倍くらい上げた位置にノンブルの末尾をそろえて配置する．.

Positioning of all running heads and page numbers in the same book should be consistent. Because the start of a page will be on the recto side, the right-hand page of a spread in a vertically set book is always an even page and the left-hand page is always an odd page see Figure Likewise, the left-hand page of a spread in a horizontally set book is always an even page and the right-hand page is always an odd page see Figure There are two ways to arrange running heads.

One is the single running head method and the other is the double running head method. Arrangement of running heads is defined in JIS X , sec. Page Numbers are defined in sec. 柱には， 両柱方式 （ Figure 55 ）と 片柱方式 （ Figure 56 ）とがある（柱の掲げ方についてはJIS X の7. Double running head method : Place running heads on both even pages and odd pages see Figure 両柱方式 ：柱を偶数ページ及び奇数ページの両方に配置する方式（ Figure 55 ）．.

Single running head method : Place running heads only on odd pages see Figure 片柱方式 ：柱を奇数ページのみに配置する方式（ Figure 56 ）．. In the double running head method, a higher-level title, such as that of the chapter or book, is used for the running heads on the even pages, and a lower-level title, such as that for a section, on the odd pages.

Where there are no differing levels of titles, such as on the page containing the table of contents, the same running head is used on both even and odd pages. 両柱方式 では，偶数ページに章などのアウトラインレベルの高い見出し又は書名を掲げ，奇数ページには，偶数ページに掲げた書名又は見出しよりアウトラインレベルの低い節などの見出しを掲げる．ただし，目次などアウトラインレベルの異なる見出しのない部分では，偶数ページと奇数ページに同じ 柱 を掲げる．. In the single running head method, one of heading levels is used. In principle, the contents of running heads will be the same as those of headings with the following differences:.

If headings are too long, they should be made shorter by paraphrasing them in fewer characters. Running heads with too many characters will not look good. 見出しの字数が多い場合 ，文章を修正し，字数を少なくする．あまり字数の多い柱を掲げるのは体裁がよくないからである．. For certain publications, such as a collection of monographs, the names of authors may be added in parentheses at the end of the running head. 論文集などでは， 著者名 を見出しの後ろに括弧類などでくくって示す．. In principle, the text direction of running heads and page numbers should be the same as that of the kihon-hanmen.

For vertically set books, however, it is more common to set running heads and page numbers horizontally. 柱及びノンブル の 組方向 は，原則として基本版面の組方向と同じにするが，縦組の書籍における柱・ノンブルの組方向は，横組とする場合が多い．. In principle, for the single running head method running heads are printed on all odd pages, and for the double running head method on all even and odd pages.

However, for the sake of appearance, running heads may be omitted as follows:. 柱 は，原則として片柱方式の場合はすべての奇数ページ，両柱方式の場合は全ページに掲げるが，次のようなページでは表示しない．これは体裁の問題からである．.

Naka-tobira and han-tobira. 中扉 及び 半扉. Pages where a running head overlaps with other elements such as illustrations. Blank pages. Pages where a figure or a table is positioned adjacent to the running head. Pages with a heading right after a new recto or new page. 改丁 ・ 改ページ 等で始まる見出しが掲げられているページ. In principle, page numbers are printed on all pages. However, for the sake of appearance, they may be omitted as follows:.

ノンブル は，原則として全ページに掲げるが，次のようなページでは表示しない．これは体裁の問題からである．. Pages on which a illustration or a table is positioned adjacent to the page number. Divisional title and simplified divisional title pages. Pages in horizontally set books with a page number placed in the margin at the top of the page, and with a heading at the beginning of a new recto or new page.

In this case, it is also possible to move the page numbers to the center of the margin at the foot of the page. 横書きの書籍においてノンブルを横組にして天側の余白に配置した場合で， 改丁・改ページなどで見出しが始まるページ （この場合，ノンブルを地の中央に移動して表示する方法もある）. There are two types of page numbering. There is also, for example in manuals, the method of starting each chapter from page number “1”. In such cases, it is common that the name of the chapter is added as a prefix before the page number. ノンブルは，1冊の本を通して数字を連続させる方法（ 通しノンブル という）と， 前付 や 後付 部分を別に1から数字を開始してノンブルを付ける方法（ 別ノンブル という）とがある．また，マニュアル等では，章別に1から数字を開始する方法もある（この場合は，1から開始した数字の前に章名を示す接頭辞を付けることが多い）．.

There are some punctuation marks that are used uniquely in either vertical writing mode or horizontal writing mode. In this document, characters and symbols are treated as members of a character class, classified by their behavior for composition. Each class name is followed by class id, such as opening brackets cl The following are some typical examples:. Full stops cl and commas cl 句点類（cl） と 読点類（cl）.

In horizontal writing mode, there are three conventions in choice of symbols for full stops cl and commas cl :. 横組で使用する 句点類（cl） と 読点類（cl） の組合せには，次の3つの方式がある．. Using COMMA “，” and FULL STOP “．” see Figure コンマ [，] COMMA とピリオド [．] FULL STOP を使用する（ Figure 57 ）．. In vertical writing mode, LEFT CORNER BRACKET “「” and RIGHT CORNER BRACKET “」” are used for quotations see Figure 縦組では，始めかぎ括弧 [「] LEFT CORNER BRACKET 及び終わりかぎ括弧 [」] RIGHT CORNER BRACKET を用いる（ Figure 60 ）．.

LEFT SQUARE BRACKET “［” , RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET “］” , LEFT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET “〔” and RIGHT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET “〕”. ブラケット （始め大括弧 [［] LEFT SQUARE BRACKET 及び終わり大括弧 [］] RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET ）と， きっこう （始めきっこう括弧 [〔] LEFT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET 及び終わりきっこう括弧 [〕] RIGHT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET ）.

LEFT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET “〔” and RIGHT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET “〕” are vertical variants of LEFT SQUARE BRACKET “［” and RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET “］” , which are used in horizontal writing mode.

Square brackets should be used in horizontal writing mode except for special cases. The positioning of punctuation marks commas, periods and brackets in a line proceeds as follows. 約物 などを行に配置する場合の基本的な配置は，次のようにする．. The character advance of commas cl , full stops cl , opening brackets cl , closing brackets cl and middle dots cl is half-width half em. But when those punctuation marks are placed side-by-side with ideographic cl , hiragana cl , or katakana cl characters, in principle, a given amount of spacing will be inserted before or after the symbols, which makes them appear as if they were intrinsically full-width one em see Figure Spacing is inserted before and after middle dots cl This principle makes the symbols consistent with ideographic cl , hiragana cl and katakana cl characters in character width, and at the same time the spacing for punctuation helps to make the organization of text clearer.

The spacing added before or after punctuation marks is subject, in principle, to line adjustment and may eventually be removed, except for that added after full stops cl After commas cl , half em spacing is added, in principle. 読点類（cl） では，原則として後ろを 二分アキ にする．. After full stops cl , in the middle of a line, half em spacing is added. At the end of a line, half em spacing is added, in principle.

句点類（cl） では，行中では後ろを二分アキにし，行末では後ろを原則として二分アキにする．. Before opening brackets cl , half em spacing is added, in principle. 始め括弧類（cl） では，原則として前を二分アキにする．. After closing brackets cl , half em spacing is added, in principle. 終わり括弧類（cl） では，原則として後ろを二分アキにする．. Before and after middle dots cl , quarter em spacing is added, in principle. 中点類（cl） では，原則として前及び後ろを 四分アキ にする．. In vertical writing mode, ideographic digits and KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT “・” representing a decimal point are set solid as in the right line in Figure 縦組において 漢数字の小数点を示す中点 [・] KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT の前後は ベタ組 にする（ Figure 68 の右側）．.

In cases where multiple punctuation marks, such as opening brackets cl , closing brackets cl , commas cl , full stops cl and middle dots cl , come one after the other, the following spacing adjustments are made for aesthetic reasons see Figure Note also that the half em and quarter em spacing added before or after punctuation marks, including the half em spacing after full stops cl appearing in the middle of a line, are subject, in principle, to line adjustment and may eventually be removed, except for those added after full stops cl When commas cl come immediately after closing brackets cl , remove the default half em spacing between them and, in principle, add half em spacing after the comma.

When opening brackets cl come immediately after full stops cl in the middle of a line, add half em spacing between them. Note that when full stops cl come in the bottom of lines, in principle, add half em spacing after full stops cl The line adjustment rules shown above have been established because the default half em spacing before or after consecutive punctuation marks, or quarter em spacing before and after them, makes the line look sparse and doesn’t make the line appear well-proportioned see Figure それぞれの後ろ又は前を 二分アキ ，又は前後を 四分アキ にし，全角の幅にすると空き量が目立ち，体裁がよくないからである（ Figure 70 ）．.

When starting a new line with opening brackets cl there are some patterns as shown in Figure Note that the amount of line indent after the line feed the first line indent of a new paragraph is assumed to be a one em space across all the patterns. 行頭に配置する 始め括弧類（cl） の配置方法には， Figure 71 のような方式がある．なお， 改行 の行頭（ 段落 における第1行目の行頭）の字下げを 全角アキ とする場合である．. The dividing punctuation marks cl QUESTION MARK “? Basically, add no spacing before dividing punctuation marks cl at the end of a sentence and add one em spacing after them see Figure However when a closing bracket cl follows right after the dividing punctuation mark, add no spacing after the dividing punctuation mark and add half em spacing after the closing bracket see Figure 文末にくる 区切り約物（cl） の前はベタ組とし， 区切り約物（cl） の後ろは 全角アキ とする（ Figure 73 ）．ただし，区切り約物の後ろに 終わり括弧類（cl） がくる場合は，この字間はベタ組とし，終わり括弧類の後ろを 二分アキ にする（ Figure 73 ）．.

When dividing punctuation marks cl at the end of a sentence reach the end of a line, apply the following rules see Figure 文末に付く 区切り約物（cl） が行末にくる場合は，次のようにする（ Figure 75 ）．. If the line length is 13 character widths and a dividing punctuation mark cl occurs in the 12th character position, one em spacing should be appended after it.

行長 がそこに使用されている文字サイズの13倍とする．この場合，12倍の位置にきたときは 区切り約物（cl） の後ろを全角アキとする．. If the line length is 13 character widths and a dividing punctuation mark cl occurs in the 13th character position, no spacing should be appended after it. In addition, do not carry over the one em space usually appended after the dividing punctuation marks to the line head of the next line; the line in this case should be set tentsuki. 行長がそこに使用されている文字サイズの13倍とする．この場合，13倍の位置にくるときは 区切り約物（cl） の後ろをベタ組とする．さらに，次の行頭の下がりは全角アキとしないで，天付きとする．.

The character width of hyphens cl varies according to the type of hyphen. one quarter of an em width , EN DASH “—” and KATAKANA-HIRAGANA DOUBLE HYPHEN “゠” should be half-width a half em width , WAVE DASH “〜” should be full-width. Basically there should be no spacing before and after hyphens cl However, half em spacing should be appended, in principle, when opening brackets cl follow right after a hyphen cl and quarter em spacing when middle dots cl follow a hyphen cl In principle, no line should begin with closing brackets cl , hyphens cl , dividing punctuation marks cl , middle dots cl , full stops cl , commas cl , iteration marks cl , a prolonged sound mark cl , small kana cl or warichu closing brackets cl line-start prohibition rule.

Otherwise the line would have an odd appearance. 終わり括弧類（cl） ， ハイフン類（cl） ， 区切り約物（cl） ， 中点類（cl） ， 句点類（cl） ， 読点類（cl） ， 繰返し記号（cl） ， 長音記号（cl） ， 小書きの仮名（cl） 及び 割注終わり括弧類（cl） を行頭に配置してはならない（ 行頭禁則 ）．これは体裁がよくないからである．. No line should end with opening brackets cl or warichu opening brackets cl line-end prohibition rules. 始め括弧類（cl） 及び 割注始め括弧類（cl） を行末に配置してはならない（ 行末禁則 ）．これは体裁がよくないからである．. In principle, closing brackets cl , commas cl or full stops cl at the line end have half em spacing after them see Figure However, the possibilities are only half em spacing or solid.

Other spacing, such as quarter em spacing should not be used. In principle, the middle dot cl character at the line end also has quarter em spacing before and after, and is handled like a full-width character see Figure However, in this case also, the only possibilities are quarter em spacing or solid setting.

Other intermediate-sized spacing should not be used. If the following characters and symbols appear in sequence there will be no line break between them. The reason is that these characters and symbols are to be handled as one unit. 次のような文字・記号が連続する場合は，その字間で2行に 分割 しない（ 分割禁止 ）．これは，それらの文字・記号を一体として扱いたいためである．. Between a sequence of EM DASH “—” characters to be more specific, for a double dash, see Figure Between European numerals see Figure 82 , Figure 83 , and Figure European numerals indicate decimal place via the position of a numeral.

連続する アラビア数字 の字間（ Figure 82 ， Figure 83 ， Figure 84 ）．アラビア数字は，位置で桁を示すことによる．. and the following arabic or ideographic numeral see Figure The reason is that such character sequences are to be handled as one unit.

and the preceding European numeral or ideographic numeral see Figure Inter-letter spacing among Western characters cl in a word or, sequence of letters, which it is not possible to hyphenate , or unit indicators km, kg, mm etc.

in Latin letters see Figure 欧文用文字（cl） の単語の ハイフネーション 可能な箇所以外の字間及び単位記号（km, kg, mmなど）の字間（ Figure 84 ）．. Inter-letter spacing among ruby characters, when composed as mono-ruby. Note that it is possible to break a line between base characters with mono-ruby see Figure モノルビ で配置したルビ文字列の字間（ Figure 85 ）．一体として扱うためである．なお，モノルビが付いた 親文字 とモノルビが付いた親文字との字間は，分割可能である．. Inter-letter spacing among ruby characters or base characters, composed as group-ruby see Figure グループルビ で配置した親文字列及びルビ文字列の字間（ Figure 85 ）．一体として扱うためである．.

Between a subscript or superscript and an adjacent base character preceding or following see Figure 87 , or between base characters with ornament characters , or between ornament characters themselves. The reason is that these character sequences are to be handled as one object. 親文字とその前又は後ろに付く 添え字 との字間．添え字が付く親文字の文字列，及び添え字の文字列の字間（ Figure 87 ）．それらの文字列を一体として扱いたいためである．.

In order to create a correspondence between notes and the related main text, reference marks aijirushi are often added. Line breaks are not allowed before the reference mark or between letters of the reference mark itself see Figure The application of the no-line-break rule here is a matter of style.

注 と本文との対応を付けるために 合印 が付くことが多い．この合印の前及び合印の文字列の字間（ Figure 88 ）．これは体裁上の問題による．. After warichu opening brackets cl , which open warichu , or before warichu closing brackets cl , which close warichu. 割注 行を囲む 割注始め括弧類（cl） の後ろ，割注行を囲む 割注終わり括弧類（cl） の前．. A unit of furiwake. A unit of furiwake is handled as one object. 同一の 振分け ．同一の振分けは，一体として扱う．.

For line adjustment processing, spacing must not be increased between the following characters. This is called the inseparable characters rule. In addition to the cases mentioned above, the inseparable character rule has to be applied to the following cases.

Before or after opening brackets cl or closing brackets cl 始め括弧類（cl） 及び 終わり括弧類（cl） の前及び後ろ．. Before or after full stops cl or commas cl 句点類（cl） 及び 読点類（cl） の前及び後ろ．. Before or after middle dots cl 中点類（cl） の前及び後ろ．. Before or after dividing punctuation marks cl 区切り約物（cl） の前及び後ろ．. Before or after hyphens cl ハイフン類（cl） の前及び後ろ．.

Before or after one em, etc. space between Japanese characters. Among base characters with jukugo-ruby. 熟語ルビ が付いた親文字列の字間. However, since layout processing of punctuation marks is one reason for the need for line adjustment processing, we will here introduce two main examples of cases where line adjustment processing is necessary, and show adjustment examples see Figure The principal approach in Japanese composition is that with the exception of the last line of a paragraph, the length of all lines is the same, so all lines are aligned.

As explained before, the line length is set to be n-times the character size established for the kihon-hanmen. That means that the line overshoots or runs short of the edge of the kihon-hanmen by a half em. The half em space overshoot or shortage is recovered by reducing inter-character spacing to a quarter em before the LEFT CORNER BRACKET “「” and after the RIGHT CORNER BRACKET “」”.

This should not appear at the line end. Ideally, a full width spacing reduction would be applied, and the character “前” on the second line would be moved onto the first line in the 15th position. In that way, the problem could be avoided. The opening bracket cl is moved to the second line, and line adjustment by inter-character spacing expansion is applied. That means that spacing is added in the first line at places where it is allowed. Examples are as follows:. 和文の中にラテン文字やギリシャ文字などの欧字・欧文を 混植 （ 和欧文混植 ）する例 は多い．次のような例がある．.

Using one Latin letter as a symbol for something, like “A” and “B”. Using acronyms of things and organization names, like “DTP” and “GDP”.

Writing Western book titles and authors in lists of referred books with original spelling. Latin letters are also used in itemized lists and numbering of headings , as well as symbols for units, symbols for chemical elements, and mathematical symbols.

As can be judged from these examples, mixtures of Latin letters among Japanese letters are in daily use in Japanese composition. 箇条書き や 見出し の頭に付く番号，さらに，単位記号・元素記号・数学記号等でも欧字は使用されており，日本語組版にとっては， 和欧文混植 は，ごく一般的な事例になっている．. In horizontal writing mode the basic approach is to use proportional Western fonts Figure For European numerals , both half-width fonts and proportional fonts are used. Note that Western word space cl is a one third em space, in principle, except at line head, line head of warichu, line end and line end of warichu.

Western word space cl at line head, line head of warichu, line end and line end of warichu, is set solid. 横組では，原則として プロポーショナル な 欧字 を用いる（ Figure 90 ）．また， アラビア数字 は， 半角 のアラビア数字又はプロポーショナルなアラビア数字を用いる．なお， 欧文間隔（cl） は，三分アキを原則とする．ただし，行頭，割注行頭，行末及び割注行末の 欧文間隔（cl） は，空き量を0とする．. Single Latin letters or Arabic numerals are set with this style. In this case, a full width monospace font is usually used.

Currently, proportional Western style fonts are also sometimes used with this style. 和文文字 と同じように正常な向きで，1字1字配置する（ Figure 94 ）．文中に配置する欧字又はアラビア数字が1字の場合は，この方法で配置する．この場合，欧字及びアラビア数字は，一般に全角のモノスペースの文字を用いる．プロポーショナルな文字を用い，全角のスペースに正常な向きにして配置する方法もある．. This style is usually adopted when Latin letters compose a word or sentence. Proportional fonts are specified for characters in this style, as in horizontal writing mode or half-width fonts for European numerals.

文字を時計回りに90度回転し，配置する（ Figure 95 ）．文中に配置する欧字が一般の単語又は文の場合は，この方法で配置する．この場合，横組と同様にプロポーショナルな文字（又はアラビア数字は半角の文字）を用いる．. Tate-chu-yoko layout is usually adopted when dealing with a two-digit number in European numerals, or a combination of two or three Latin letters, the length of which is equal to the default size of the line in paragraph direction or longer than that just to an acceptable extent.

A combination of two or three Latin letters may be rotated 90 degrees clockwise rather than set in tate-chu-yoko layout. Proportional glyphs or half-width glyphs for European numerals are used for characters in tate-chu-yoko layout. 縦中横 （正常な向きのまま，横組にする）にして配置する（ Figure 96 ）．2桁のアラビア数字，行の幅とほぼ同じ程度かやや行の幅よりはみ出す程度の記号として用いる2文字程度の欧字の文字列では，一般に縦中横にする（後者の2文字程度の欧字の文字列は，文字を時計回りに90度回転し，配置する方法もある）．この場合，プロポーショナルな文字（又はアラビア数字は半角の文字）を用いる．.

When full-width and fixed-width Western characters or European numerals are set in vertical writing mode as “quasi” Japanese characters, inter-character spacing between these characters and hiragana cl , katakana cl or ideographic characters cl are set solid , similar to ordinary ideographic characters cl see Figure Also, in principle, when full-width and fixed-width Western characters or European numerals are set after full stops cl , commas cl or closing brackets cl , or before opening brackets cl , insert half em spacing after commas cl or closing brackets cl , or before opening brackets cl In addition, in these cases, insert half em spacing after full stops cl When full-width and fixed-width Western characters or European numerals are set before a full stop cl , comma cl or closing bracket cl , or after an opening bracket cl , the inter-character spacing before the full stop, comma or closing bracket, or after the opening bracket is set solid.

縦組で全角のモノスペースの欧字及び全角のモノスペースのアラビア数字を正常な向きで1字1字配置する場合は，一般の漢字と同様に前後に配置する 平仮名（cl） ， 片仮名（cl） 又は 漢字等（cl） との字間を ベタ組 にして配置する（ Figure 99 ）．また， 句点類（cl） ， 読点類（cl） 若しくは 終わり括弧類（cl） の後ろ，又は 始め括弧類（cl） の前に全角のモノスペースの欧字又は全角のモノスペースのアラビア数字がくる場合は， 読点類（cl） 若しくは 終わり括弧類（cl） の後ろ，又は 始め括弧類（cl） の前は，原則として 二分アキ とし， 句点類（cl） の後ろは二分アキとする． 句点類（cl） ， 読点類（cl） ，若しくは 終わり括弧類（cl） の前，又は 始め括弧類（cl） の後ろに全角のモノスペースの欧字又は全角のモノスペースのアラビア数字がくる場合は， 句点類（cl） ， 読点類（cl） 若しくは 終わり括弧類（cl） の前，又は 始め括弧類（cl） の後ろをベタ組とする．.

To set strings as tate-chu-yoko horizontal-in-vertical setting , first set from left to right using solid setting , then align the whole string to the center of the vertical line Figure In principle, when tate-chu-yoko is set after a comma cl or closing bracket cl , or before an opening bracket cl , half em spacing is added.

In addition, when tate-chu-yoko is set after a full stop cl in the middle of a line, half em spacing is added. When a full stop cl is set at the end of a line, half em spacing is inserted after it, in principle.

When tate-chu-yoko is set before full stops, commas or closing brackets, or after opening brackets, the inter-character spacing is set solid. 縦中横に配置する文字列は，横方向（左から右方向）にベタ組で配置し，その文字列全体を行の中央に配置する（ Figure ）．なお，縦中横の前後に配置する 平仮名（cl） ， 片仮名（cl） 又は 漢字等（cl） との字間は，ベタ組にする．縦中横の文字列が 読点類（cl） 若しくは 終わり括弧類（cl） の後ろ，又は 始め括弧類（cl） の前にくる場合は，それらとの字間を原則として 二分アキ とする．行中で縦中横の文字列が 句点類（cl） の後ろにくる場合は，その字間を二分アキとする．ただし， 句点類（cl） が行末に位置した場合は， 句点類（cl） の後ろを原則として二分アキにする． 句点類（cl） ， 読点類（cl） 若しくは 終わり括弧類（cl） の前，又は 始め括弧類（cl） の後ろに縦中横の文字列がくる場合は，その字間はベタ組とする．.

Composition rules for Western characters, Western text and European numerals, set rotated 90 degrees clockwise in vertical writing mode , and horizontal writing mode , are as follows:. A sequence of Western characters in a Western word should not be broken across a line-break, except where hyphenation is allowed.

欧文の単語の文字列は， ハイフネーション 可能な箇所以外で2行に 分割 してはならない．. When line adjustment is done with line adjustment by inter-character spacing reduction , Western word space cl is used as first priority. Also, when line adjustment is done with line adjustment by inter-character spacing expansion , Western word spaces are used as first priority. 追込み処理 で字間を詰める場合，その処理対象として 欧文間隔（cl） を優先的に使用し， 追出し処理 で字間を空ける場合も，その処理対象として 欧文間隔 を優先的に使用する．.

When line adjustment by inter-character spacing expansion is used, inter-character spacing within Western words and European numerals is not used for expansion. Inter-character spacing , between hiragana cl , katakana cl or ideographic characters cl and Western characters or European numerals, is quarter em spacing see Figure In the following cases, a quarter em spacing is not added see Figure ただし，次の箇所では， 四分アキ としない（ Figure ）．. At the start of a line, there is no spacing before Latin characters or European numerals.

At the end of the line, there is no spacing after Latin characters or European numerals. In the case where Latin characters and European numerals follow a comma cl or closing bracket cl , or are followed by opening brackets cl , in principle, half em spacing is added. In the case where Latin characters and European numerals follow a full stop cl in the middle of a line, half em spacing is added.

When the full stop cl is set at the end of a line, in principle, half em spacing is added after the full stop cl 読点類（cl） 若しくは 終わり括弧類（cl） の後ろ，又は 始め括弧類（cl） の前を原則として 二分アキ とする．また，行中の 句点類（cl） の後ろは二分アキとし， 句点類（cl） が行末に位置した場合は， 句点類（cl） の後ろを原則として二分アキにする．. In the case where Latin characters and European numerals are set before a full stop cl , comma cl or closing bracket cl , or after an opening bracket cl , the inter-character spacing is set solid.

句点類（cl） ， 読点類（cl） 若しくは 終わり括弧類（cl） の前，又は 始め括弧類（cl） の後ろに欧字・アラビア数字がくる場合は，その字間はベタ組とする．. Ruby is a small-sized, supplementary text attached to a character or a group of characters in the main text. A run of ruby text, usually attached to the right of the characters in vertical writing mode or immediately above them in horizontal writing mode , indicates the reading or the meaning of those characters see Figure The characters in the main text that are annotated by ruby are called ” base characters “.

Mainly Hiragana cl characters are often used for ruby to indicate how to read ideographic characters cl ; this is known as ruby annotation or as ” furigana “. Positioning of Jukugo-ruby 熟語ルビの配置方法. Positioning of Jukugo-ruby 熟語ルビの配置方法 ）．. Because of different purposes and different functionalities, there are several complicated methods for ruby as follows:.

このような複数の処理方法が必要になるのは，以下で説明するように ルビ を付ける目的，ルビの役割の違いがあることによる．. PURPOSE: Ruby annotation with kana usually hiragana cl to provide readings of ideographic characters cl There are two types of ruby for this purpose depending on the type of base character:. 漢字等（cl） の読み方を示す主に 平仮名（cl） のルビを付ける．これには，次の2つがある．. Add one or more hiragana cl ruby characters to indicate the reading Japanese onyomi or kunyomi for each base ideographic character cl see Figure This method, attaching one or several hiragana or katakana characters for each base ideographic character, is called mono-ruby.

In the Japanese writing system, kanji compound words jukugo occasionally appear, usually constructed with a couple of ideographic characters cl There are two different methods of attaching ruby characters to base ideographic characters cl for these compound words. 日本語表記では，複数の 漢字等（cl） で構成された 熟語 をよく使う．この熟語を構成する個々の 漢字等（cl） について，音読み又は訓読みの読み方を示す 平仮名（cl） のルビを付ける（このようなルビの使用例は多い）．このような 熟語に付けるルビ について，親文字とルビ文字との対応には，2つの方法がある．.

Ruby characters are attached to each base ideographic character cl , similarly to the previous section see Figure 前項と同様に，個々の 漢字等（cl） （親文字）の1文字ごとにそのルビを対応させる方法．つまり， モノルビ としてルビを処理する方法である（ Figure ）．.

 

Microsoft word 2013 format changes affect whole document free download.Format Changes Entire Document in Microsoft Word

 

To change formatting in a document, insert a section break at the beginning of where you want the change. Set up the formatting change just past the new section break. If you want to change formatting again, put in another section break. If your changes are to be on the same page, choose the Continuous section break. When you insert a section break , choose the type of break that fits the changes you want to make. Here are the types with usage suggestions:. The Next Page command inserts a section break and starts the new section on the next page.

This type of section break is useful to start new chapters in a document. The Continuous command inserts a section break and starts the new section on the same page.

A continuous section break is useful to create format changes such as a different number of columns on a page. The Even Page or Odd Page command inserts a section break and starts the new section on the next even-numbered or odd-numbered page. To start document chapters always on an odd or even page, use the Odd page or Even page section break option. To view section breaks, see Show section breaks. You can follow the question or vote as helpful, but you cannot reply to this thread.

I have the same question Report abuse. Details required :. Cancel Submit. Graham Mayor MVP. Tap Accept Deletion , Accept Insertion , or Accept Change to accept the selected change, identified contextually by type, and not move to the next change in the document. Tap Accept All Shown to accept all changes that are visible, but not changes that are hidden. For example, if you’re viewing only changes made by a specific reviewer, tapping Accept All Shown accepts only the changes made by that reviewer.

To move to another change without accepting or rejecting it, tap the Previous or Next icon. On the Review tab, tap the Reject icon. Tap Reject Deletion , Reject Insertion , or Reject Change to reject the selected change, identified contextually by type, and not move to the next change in the document.

Tap Reject All Shown to reject all changes that are visible, but not changes that are hidden. For example, if you’re viewing only changes made by a specific reviewer, tapping Reject All Shown rejects only the changes made by that reviewer. Tap the Review tab. Tap the Delete icon to delete the comment or press and hold the Delete icon until the Delete list appears, and then do one of the following:.

To move to another comment without deleting it, tap the Previous or Next icon. On the Review tab, tap Display for Review. Tap Show Markup. On the Review tab, tap Accept.

On the Review tab, tap Reject. One the Review tab, tap Delete , and then do one of the following:. Tap Delete All to delete all comments in the document. Premium apps:. Premium apps. Anytime someone adds a comment, it’ll show up in a balloon.

Turn tracked changes on or off When tracked changes are turned on, Word marks any changes made by any authors of the document. Open the document that you want to edit. Tips: Each reviewer’s changes are displayed in a different color. Turn on Track Changes You can set Word for the Web to track changes for all users who are collaborating on the document or to track just your changes.

In the Track Changes drop-down list, do one of the following: To track only the changes you make to the document, select Just Mine. Review, accept, or reject changes You can review each tracked change in sequence and decide whether to accept or reject the change. Click or tap at the beginning of the document. In the Display for Review list, tap the option you want: All Markup inline shows the final document with tracked changes visible inline No markup shows the final document without tracked changed Original shows the original document with no tracked changes Show tracked changes by type Word for iPad On the Review tab, tap the Display for Review icon.

In the Show Markup list, tap the option you want: Ink shows or hides any marks made by digital inking in the document. Formatting shows or hides formatting changes. Show tracked changes by reviewer Word for iPad If there are multiple reviewers for the document, Word will show all changes by default.

Accept changes Word for iPad Tap twice on a change in the document to select it. Tap Accept All to accept all changes in the document. Reject changes Word for iPad Tap twice on a change in the document to select it. Tap Reject All to reject all changes in the document. Delete comments Word for iPad Tap twice on a comment in the document to select it. Tap the Delete icon to delete the comment or press and hold the Delete icon until the Delete list appears, and then do one of the following: Tap Delete to delete only the selected comment.

Tap the option you want: All Markup inline shows the final document with tracked changes visible inline No markup shows the final document without tracked changed Original shows the original document with no tracked changes Show tracked changes by type Word for iPhone On the Review tab, tap Display for Review. Show tracked changes by reviewer Word for iPhone If there are multiple reviewers for the document, Word will show all changes by default. Tap Reviewers.

Accept changes Word for iPhone Tap twice on a change in the document to select it. Reject changes Word for iPhone Tap twice on a change in the document to select it. Delete comments Word for iPhone Tap twice on a comment in the document to select it. One the Review tab, tap Delete , and then do one of the following: Tap Delete to delete only the selected comment. A subscription to make the most of your time.

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Display tracked changes in the body of the document instead of in balloons.

 
 

Microsoft word 2013 format changes affect whole document free download

 
 

W3C liabilitytrademark and permissive document license rules apply. This document describes requirements for general Japanese layout realized with technologies like CSS, SVG and Google latest version free for windows 10. The document is mainly based on a standard for Japanese layout, JIS Xhowever, it also addresses areas which are not covered by JIS X This version integrates errata and links to related materials.

この文書は，CSS，SVGおよびXSL-FOなどの技術で実現が求められる一般的な日本語組版の要件を記述したものです．この文書は，主としてJIS X （日本語組版規則）に基づいていますが，一部，JIS X に記載されていない事項にも言及しています．この版では，誤りの訂正や関連情報へのリンク追加などが行われています．. This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication.

Other documents may supersede this document. This is a maintenance version of a document that describes requirements for general Japanese layout realized with technologies like CSS, SVG, XSL-FO and eBook standards. The second version of the document added a significant amount of additional information related to hanmen design, such as handling headings, placement of illustrations and tables, handling of notes and reference marks, etc. この文書は，CSS，SVG，XSL-FOおよびeBookなどの技術で実現が求められる一般的な日本語組版の要件を記述した文書の訂正版です．この文書は，主としてJIS X （日本語組版規則）に基づいていますが，一部，JIS X に記載されていない事項にも言及しています．この第2版では版面デザインに関する説明を大幅に増やしました．例えば，見出しの扱い，図版や表の配置，注や合印などです．.

This document was developed by participants in the Japanese Layout Task Force. It will be published by the Internationalization Working Group. Previous нажмите чтобы прочитать больше of the document were developed by participants in the previous Japanese Layout Task Forcewith input from four W3C Working Groups, CSSInternationalization CoreSVG and XSL.

この文書は JLReq 日本語組版タスクフォース の参加者により作成されており， 国際化委員会 において公開されます．以前のバージョンのこの文書は JLReq 日本語組版タスクフォース の参加者により， CSS ， Internationalization Core ， SVG ， XSL の4つの W3C ワーキンググループからの情報を参考に作成されています．. The document was originally authored in Japanese, then translated to English under the guidance of the Japanese authors.

In order to reach the largest international audience, the W3C works in English, microsoft word 2013 format changes affect whole document free download the English version of the document is the authoritative version. However, the Japanese version of this document is also available. この文書は日本語で記述されたものを，日本語版作成者の監修のもとに英語に翻訳したものです．最大の国際的な利用者に届けるため， W3C は英語を標準としているため，この文書は 英語版 が公式となります．なお， 日本語版 も提供しています．. To make it easier to track comments, please raise separate issues or emails for each comment, and point to the section you are commenting on.

指摘を追跡しやすくするため，それぞれの指摘点について対象となるセクションを明記のうえ，個別の issue もしくはメールを送ってください．. 日本語 English All. この文書は 国際化ワーキンググループ によりワーキンググループノートとして公開されています．. この文書に関する議論には GitHub Issues の利用が望まれます．. ワーキンググループノートとしての公開は W3C 会員による支持を意味しません．この文書は草案であり，更新やほかの文書により置き換えられる可能性が常にあります．作業版以外としての参照は推奨されません．. この文書は W3C 特許ポリシー に従って運営されているグループにより作成されました．このグループはこの文書を W3C 勧告とすることを想定していません．. この文書は 年3月1日版の W3C プロセス文書 に従っています．. This document was published by the Internationalization Working Group as a Working Group Note.

GitHub Issues are preferred for discussion of this specification. Publication as a Working Group Note does not imply endorsement by the W3C Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other documents at any time.

It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in progress. This document was produced by a group operating under the W3C Patent Policy. The group does not expect this document to become a W3C Recommendation. This document is governed by the 1 March W3C Process Document. Each cultural community has its own microsoft word 2013 format changes affect whole document free download, script and writing system.

In that sense, the transfer of each writing system into cyberspace is a task microsoft word 2013 format changes affect whole document free download very high importance for information and communication technology. As one of the basic work items of this task force, this document describes issues of text composition in the Japanese writing system. The goal of the task force is not to propose actual solutions but describe important issues as basic information for actual implementations.

この責務を実現するための基礎的な作業として，この文書では，日本語という書記システムにおける 組版 上の問題点をまとめた．具体的な解決策を提示することではなく，要望事項の説明をすることにした．それは，実装レベルの問題を考える前提条件をまず明確にすることが重要であると考えたからである．. This document was created by the W3C Japanese Layout Task Force. The Task Force has discussed many issues and harmonized the requirements from user communities and solutions from technological experts.

It includes the following participants:. この文書の作成は， W3C Japanese Layout Task Forceが行った．このタスクフォースは，次のようなメンバーで構成され，ユーザーコミュニティーからの要望と専門家による解決策を調和させるために様々な議論を行ってきた．.

Japanese text composition experts The editors of “JIS X : Formatting rules for Japanese documents”. Internationalization and standardization experts in Japan from Microsoft, Antenna House, JustSystems. Members of the W3C CSSSVGXSL and i18n CoreWorking Groups. W3C の CSS ， SVG ， XSL ， 国際化コア の各ワーキンググループメンバー. This task force also constitutes an important innovation due to its bilingual work-flow. Discussion is mainly conducted in Japanese, because of the Japanese composition issues, but minutes and one mailing list were in English.

To support development, the task force held face-to-face meetings with participating Working Groups. また，このタスクフォースは，バイリンガルによるものとしても，画期的なものといえよう．ディスカッションは，日本語の 組版 を問題とすることから，主として日本語で行った．しかし，議事録とメーリングリストは英語のものを用意した．また， W3C のCSS，SVG，XSL，国際化コアなどのワーキンググループメンバーとの英語及び日本語によるフェイス・ツウ・フェイスの会議も開催した．.

The document itself was also developed bilingually, microsoft word 2013 format changes affect whole document free download is published bilingually. We carefully avoided using jargon for technical terms. Even if there were English words corresponding to the Japanese, we carefully studied any potential differences in the nuances of meaning, and if there were differences between corresponding concepts, we provided the Japanese jargon in romaji Latin transliteration for future discussion.

Moreover, we prepared as many figures as possible, with clear and understandable English, to help non-Japanese readers. 文書も日本語で準備し，これを英訳し，2つの文書を公開することにした．用語についても，特殊な用語は極力避けるように努めた． 英語の用語との対応 についても，用語の定義内容を検討し，概念に対応できない部分を持つ場合は，日本語の用語はローマ字で表現し，今後の課題として残した．さらに，日本語組版を見慣れていない読者のために，要望事項の説明をわかりやすい英語と図表で行うように努力した．. Japanese composition exhibits several differences from Western composition.

Major differences include:. 日本語組版は，欧文組版 と異なる事項がある．主に次の点で異なる．. The use of not only horizontal writing mode but also vertical writing mode. 日本語組版には， 横組 だけでなく， 縦組 がある．. In principle, all character frames of ideographic clhiragana cl and katakana cl characters used in Japanese composition are designed in a square box, and these characters are composed without intervening spacing i.

set solid. This document mainly explains the characteristics of Japanese composition along the lines of the following policy. この文書では，このことを前提にして，主に 日本語組版の特徴 を次の方針で解説する．. It does not fully cover all issues of the Japanese composition system, but mainly discusses the differences from Western composition systems. It focuses on the requirements for the Japanese visual presentation form of text composition.

It explicitly refers to JIS X “Formatting rules for Japanese documents” as much as possible. This document focuses on fundamental and important issues of Japanese layout as much as possible, and for more detail references the corresponding clause of JIS X The JIS X topics that are not described in this document, are only for exceptional, corner cases or to provide some specific line composition algorithms.

On the other hand, some topics that are not described in JIS X are described in detail. Accordingly, this document is sufficient to implement Japanese layout processing for most parts of the Japanese market. In accordance with the stated microsoft word 2013 format changes affect whole document free download, this document provides tutorial- or summary-like, supplementary explanations, related background, and additional descriptions for JIS X information.

This document covers all the fundamental issues of Japanese microsoft word 2013 format changes affect whole document free download layout, but the reader will need to refer to JIS X for advanced discussion of exceptional topics. また，この文書と JIS X との関係 でいえば，JIS X の要点の解説あるいは要約，補足説明，それに関わる周辺情報の追加，JIS X で規定していない事項の解説ということになる．したがって，基本的な事項を理解するためであれば，この文書で十分であるが，細部にわたる例外的な内容を知るためにはJIS X を参照する必要がある．. It provides typical examples of actual use for key composition features, to enable better understanding of their usage.

For non-Japanese readers, frequency of use is indicated for each requirement. These frequencies are not the outcome of any accurate research, but arise from the long experience of the authors.

They are intuitive for ordinary Japanese text readers; however, for non-Japanese readers it may be difficult to imagine without explicit information. These frequencies are only rough information to prioritize the importance of issues. 日本語組版に日常的に接していない読者のために，説明している事項の 使用頻度 について簡単に解説した．これは実際に調査した結果ではなく，執筆者の読書経験による判断である．これは日常的に日本語組版に接している読者にはある程度判断できることであるが，そうでない読者のために，ある程度の使用頻度情報を伝えるためである．したがって，組版処理事項の重要さをある程度判断できるようにすることを主な目的とするので，情報の正確性を意図しているものではない．.

For example: “warichu inline cutting note is not frequently used, but is useful to simply annotate persons, things, нажмите чтобы увидеть больше so on, at the place where the text appears, especially in classic texts or translations.

In consideration of non-Japanese readers of this document, figures are used for explanations wherever possible. Text layout rules and recommendations for readable design are different things, however these two issues are difficult to discuss independently.

In this document, these two aspects are carefully separated. The aesthetic design recommendations are mainly described using notes. The main target of this document is common books. The authors’ experiences are mainly related to common books, and the quality required for common books is the highest in the market.

There are many kinds of books in the market, and the requirements are quite diverse. The task force has a lot of accumulated experience in requirements and solutions for Japanese text composition. Nonetheless, many issues, which have been discussed over a long period of time, are applicable for other kinds of publication.

この文書の解説では，組版処理の対象 を主に書籍とする．執筆者の経験がその点に最も深いこともあるが，日本語組版処理において質の面から書籍の組版が重要と考えるからである．量が多いというだけでなく，質の面から見ると，書籍組版は多くの問題点を持っている．書籍組版は，その処理内容が多様であり，これらについて最も古くから多くの人々により問題点が考えられ，かつ指摘されてきた経緯がある．処理そのものについては，書籍の組版処理はむずかしく，また要求のレベルが高かったという点もある．また，書籍で考えられてきた事項の多くが，その他の文書でも応用できる点が多いといえよう．.

In terms of frequency of use, the importance of magazines, technical manuals, and Web documents rates alongside common books. However, there are several characteristics in these publications, which are different from common books. These issues should be treated more fully вот ссылка future documents.

Introduction 序論. Basics of Japanese Composition 日本語組版の基本. Line Composition 行の組版処理. Positioning of Headings, Notes, Illustrations, Tables and Paragraphs 見出し・注・図版・表・段落の配置処理.